Next Steps Cohort Study- Tracing

The Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at University College London (UCL) is an academic resource centre responsible for producing and disseminating data resources for the scientific community. CLS manages four world-renowned cohort studies; the National Child Development Study 1958 (NCDS), the 1970 British Cohort study (BCS70) the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) 2000 and now have the Next Steps cohort in their portfolio. Three of these studies (NCDS, BCS70 and MCS) are 'birth' studies, following the groups of participants from cradle to grave. As such, this group of studies is unique and has, and still is, providing a wealth of information used in the policy decisions affecting society's health and well-being. CLS is an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Centre, based at the Department of Quantitative Social Science, UCL Institute of Education. This Data Sharing Agreement covers data access granted to UCL for the purpose of the Next Steps study.

Next Steps previously known as the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - originally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education. The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,770 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 32 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The age 32 sweep in currently in the field. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 32, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to receive updated addresses to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Of the approximately 15,770 participants that have ever participated in the study there will always be a number of individuals for whom the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at University College London will not have confirmed addresses at the time of carrying out the next survey.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible. Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to be supplied with updated addresses for Next Steps cohort members. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. This information is provided to participants on the study website, a link is provided at website FAQs (https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/), under ‘How we find you’ CLS provide a link to the information on the study website in all materials provided to cohort members. Cohort members receive an advance booklet with complete information about each upcoming survey.

Each year CLS sends an annual postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g., a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e., seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the Next Steps database. In the event of the annual mailing not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a 'return to sender'. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a 'gone-away'. NHS Digital may potentially hold a more recent address and provide CLS with an opportunity to invite the cohort to re-join the study. CLS will send the details of approximately 15770 cohort members to be linked to the NHS Digital Personal Demographics Service (PDS) dataset. Before sending the file, CLS will exclude those who have died and those who have requested to be withdrawn from the study. NHS Digital will supply new addresses for study members who can be matched to the demographic dataset. Any study members for whom CLS successfully received a new address via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details.

CLS also send an birthday card to all study members in their birthday week. The new addresses for cases not already validated will be used to send this birthday mailing.

All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

With regard to a request for 'withdrawal' from a participant CLS classifies them as a 'withdrawal from the current survey' or a 'withdrawal from the study' and these are handled slightly differently:

(a) Withdrawal from the current survey: CLS will flag this on its computer system to indicate that the participant will not be taking part in the current survey and the reason for not wanting to take part is also recorded. For example, they may just not have the time to take part. Therefore, there will be no further contact with the participant for the duration of the current survey, but they will be invited to take part in the next survey.

(b) Withdrawal from the study: CLS will flag this on its computer system as a permanent refusal to indicate that the participant will not be taking any further part in the study itself and the reason for this type of withdrawal is also recorded for analysis purposes. Therefore there will be no further contact with the participant for the remainder of the longitudinal study. If this request is received in writing then CLS will acknowledge the request and notify the participant that they have

been flagged and will no longer be contacted or receive any further communications. This request may sometimes be accompanied by a request for the destruction of their data.

University College London (UCL) are the sole Data Controller for this agreement who will also process data.

UCL legal basis for processing (acquiring, linking and sharing) personal data is for a public task under GDPR (article 6(1)(e)) i.e. processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest (as is made explicit to participants in the information leaflets provided). UCL also process special categories of personal data for research under GDPR (article 9(2)(j)) i.e. processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical

research purposes or statistical purposes. In addition, for ethical reasons and under the Common Law Duty of Confidentiality, UCL sought permission from the Confidentiality Advisory Group to access this data without consent. CLS has also received Research Ethical Committee (REC) approval for tracing participants via NHS Digital.

Participants are aware that the study will attempt to trace them and CLS are confident that many of those newly traced via the NHS will be happy to take part. CLS also uses its own methods for tracing cohort members for example, asking the named stable contacts (relative, neighbour or friend) for the participant’s new address. The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) are the funder for this study.

Ipsos Mori was contracted to conduct the age 32 Survey. The age 32 Survey will use a mixed mode approach in which participants will first be invited to take part in the survey online. Those who are not able to take part online will be invited to take part either by telephone or to be visited by a face-to-face interviewer.

The addresses supplied by NHS Digital under this agreement will help to boost the sample size and to increase the data collection at age 32 sweep and future data collection. Prior to a new survey collection, there are always a number of people who CLS will have lost contact between the previous surveys and the new upcoming survey. The output of the demographic data will be the participation in the survey, for those participants who wouldn’t otherwise have participated.

The main outcome for the study is the next sweep, Next Steps age 32, which will be a fully documented, anonymised research dataset and this will be archived with the UK Data Service to provide a strategically important resource for UK Social Science, including researchers in health and social care.

In additional to the creation of this rich database which will be Next Steps age 32, CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated reports with small numbers suppressed, for the benefit of the wider research community, as previous interest in the Next Steps data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas.

CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however, it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. All scientific papers using the Next Steps data are published on the CLS Bibliography page online.

https://www.bibliography.cls.ucl.ac.uk/Bibliography.aspx?sitesectionid=647&sitesectiontitle=Bibliography

Boosted sample size - The addresses obtained in previous versions of this agreement, were very useful to invite study members (Next Steps age 25 and current sweep age 32) to take part and re-engage with the studies. Using addresses provided by the NHS Digital helped CLS getting in touch with a large number of cohort members who would otherwise not be able to take part in a new survey, and thus helping CLS maintaining the sample size that is representative of the general population.

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health.

Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

Background:

Next Steps Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - originally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education.

The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

The Age 25 survey is now completed and the aggregated outputs from the survey have now been deposited with the UK Data Archive, located at the University of Essex, no patient identifiable data is deposited.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,620 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 31 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The next sweep should take place when the cohort are aged 31, in 2021. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 31, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to received MRIS reports including participant demographic, mortality and embarkation data to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Each year CLS sends an annual birthday card postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g. a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e. seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the NCDS database. In the event of the birthday card not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a return to sender. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a gone-away.

NHS Digital will supply new addresses for untraced study members who can be matched to the NHS Central Registry/Personal Demographics Service (PDS). CLS require to trace lost study members between now and the Age 31 survey in 2020/2021 which is currently in the planning stage. Any study members successfully traced via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details. They will then subsequently be invited to participate in the Next Steps Age 31 survey (unless they withdraw from the study). All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

For the tracing purpose CLS will supply NHS Digital with a file of study members (consisting of the cohort) and their last known address, extracted from the CLS address database. CLS asked that these details are matched with NHS Registration Data and registered addresses supplied, where available. CLS will ask that NHS Digital flag these Cohort members in the NHS Digital database so that deaths and embarkations can be notified to CLS.

Data Summary:

The following Medical Research (MRIS) reports are requested against the total cohort population:

MRIS List Cleaning Report – Two disseminations over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cause of Death Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cohort Event Notification Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Flagging Current Status Report – One-off report.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible.

Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to:

a) be supplied with updated addresses for these study members whose whereabouts are currently unknown. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. The aim of being provided with the address details and other up to date identifiers for the cohort was to trace as many study members as possible in advance of the next wave of fieldwork.

b) Notifications of deaths and embarkations and exits/entry from the NHS. CLS is also seeking permission to receive notifications of deaths and embarkations on a biannual basis for these cohort members. This information will be used to prevent CLS from seeking to contact those who have died and thus potentially causing distress to relatives and friends and those who are no longer in Great Britain as this would be a waste of resources. On receiving a death or embarkation notification respondents would be flagged on CLS' database as having died or emigrated as appropriate. The mortality data requested is fact of death, date of death and cause of death.

CLS have already received data under the original data agreement (NIC-316681-W7P2R) and, under the subsequent amendment (NIC-349413-F1J1N), were able to pass data to their contracted fieldwork agency NatCen Social Research (NatCen) to allow them to initiate/conduct the survey. Please note that the data files supplied from NHS Digital, as part of this application, have been processed within CLS and entered into CLS’s secure address database. They have been used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave – this data is not sent to the UK Data Service.

The data supplied will be used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave. When study members were contacted to invite them to participate in the Next Steps Age 25 study, it was made explicitly clear that they can inform CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study and they will not be contacted again. Where study members have requested their withdrawal from the study, these individuals will no longer be included in the total cohort to be invited to Age Surveys, or submitted to NHS Digital for tracing records. CLS will remove the individuals data from their system following confirmation of the request.

For the previous sweep, conducted in 2015/16, NatCen Social Research, were an external Data Processor and carried out the survey fieldwork and associated mailings for the Next Steps LSYPE Age 25 survey – specifically they were contracted to carry out: (1) Email and postal mailings to LSYPE cohort members about the study; (2) Interviews with Next Steps (LSYPE) cohort members. With the completion of the Age 25 survey in 2016, the contract with NatCen was ended and NatCen was no longer a data processor when the previous version (v2.8) of this agreement was renewed in 2018.

CLS have also contracted an additional data processor, Copyprint, to distribute annual mailings to all participants. This exercise serves as an additional method of maintaining contact with as many participants between Age surveys. Copyprint will have access to participant demographic information and contact details in order to carry out these processes. This includes data which has been supplied by NHS Digital for updated contact information. Copyprint will not retain any of the participant data supplied to them by CLS once each mailing is complete and will destroy the data.

CLS is relying on the following two articles under General Data Protection Regulation as their legal basis to process the data:

Article 6(1)(e) – (processing is necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller)

Article 9(2)(j) – (processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject)

*** Amendment to add Data Processors

CLS contract external suppliers to conduct fieldwork with study members on CLS' behalf.

Ipsos Mori have been contracted to conduct the forthcoming Age 31 Survey. Fieldwork for this project will commence in Summer 2021. The Age 31 Survey will use a mixed mode approach in which participants will first be invited to take part in the survey online. Those who are not able to take part online will be invited to take part either by telephone or to be visited by a face-to-face interviewer.

Kantar Public have been contracted to conduct two surveys which will explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on different aspects of life. These two surveys follow an initial survey conducted by CLS in May 2020. The first of the surveys to be completed by Kantar was conducted in September/October 2020 and participants could only take part online. The second will commence in January 2021 and will provide those unable to take part online with an opportunity to take part via telephone.

In May 2020 CLS conducted a COVID19 survey (Wave 1) which explored the impact of COVID19 pandemic on different aspects of life. Kantar Public was contracted to conduct another two surveys. The first of the surveys (Wave 2) to be completed by Kantar was conducted in September/October 2020 and participants could only take part online. The second will commence in January 2021 (Wave3) and will provide those unable to take part online with an opportunity to take part via telephone.

In wave 1, the aim of the survey was to collect insights into the lives of study participants including their physical and mental health and wellbeing, family and relationships, education, work, and finances during the lockdown. The questions focused mainly on how participants lives had changed from just before the outbreak of the pandemic in March 2020 up until their response to the survey during the height of the lockdown restrictions in May 2020.

Wave 1 data is now available from the UKDS website- https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=8658

The aim of Wave 2 survey is to capture how participants' lives have changed from Wave 1 (collected at the height of the lockdown restrictions in May 2020) until late Summer/Early Autumn 2020. The topic areas mirror closely those for Wave 1, with additional questions about health care, financial transfers, life events, children's schooling in summer and autumn term.

The full Wave 2 questionnaire is available here

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/UCL-Centre-for-Longitudinal-Studies-COVID-19-Online-Survey-

Questionnaire-Wave-2-Sept-2020.pdf

Once the data is available and ready, Wave 2 and 3 data will also be made available for researchers to use via the UKDS.

The scientific priorities and questionnaire content will be elaborated and developed in consultation with the academic and policy community with the aim of collecting both information relevant to their lives at age 31 and to later life outcomes, as well as repeat measures of topics covered at age 25. CLS will continue to prospectively harmonise the content with other comparable cohorts, particularly those in the UK, by drawing on comparable measures at a similar age. CLS will establish a scientific advisory group of academics from key disciplines and research areas, and ensure that the content is closely aligned with research priorities, as well as the areas of research interest (ARIs) published by government departments. Reflecting these priorities, some of the major themes which CLS intend to cover at age 31 are: demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.

CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated report for the benefit of the wider research community as previous interest in LSYPE data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas. CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. Below are some examples of existing publications using LSYPE data (waves 1 to 7, including the previous sweep aged 25/26):

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-reported smoking, alcohol and drug use among adolescents and young adults with and without mild to moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, published online, 23 April 2018.

HATTON, C, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and BAINES, S. (2018) The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 768-777.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-Reported Participation in Sport/Exercise Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(4), 247-254.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

I, S, THEOCHARAKI, F, SULLIVAN, A and PLOUBIDIS, G.B. (2018) Social determinants of health in population-based cohort studies, UK: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(Suppl.4), cky214.063.

ALCOTT, B. (2017) Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 58(7), 773–804.

ANDERS, J. (2017) The influence of socioeconomic status on changes in young people’s expectations of applying to university. Oxford Review of Education, 43(4), 381-401.

ANDERS, J and DORSETT, R. (2017) What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8(1), 75-103.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) Incentivising specific combinations of subjects: does it make any difference to university access? CLS Working Paper 2017/11. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) A note on subject choice at age 14 and socio-economic inequality in access to university. CLS Working Paper 2017/10.

ANDERS, J.D, MOULTON, V, HENDERSON, M and SULLIVAN, A. (2018) The role of schools in explaining individuals’ subject choices at age 14. Oxford Review of Education, 44(1), 75-93.

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

BELLFIELD, C and VAN DER ERVE, L. (2018) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates. IFS Working Paper W18/25. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOWE, A.G. (2017) The immigrant paradox on internalizing symptoms among immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(February 2017), 72-76.

CAMERON, C, HOLLINGWORTH, K, SCHOON, I, VAN SANTEN, E, SCHROER, W, RISTIKARI, T, HEINO, T and PEKKARINEN, E. (2018) Care leavers in early adulthood: How do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Children and Youth Services Review, 87(April 2018), 163-172.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2017) What role do enjoyment and students’ perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university? CLS Working Paper 2017/12. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2018) Stratification into field of study in Higher Education. Doctoral Thesis. University College London.

CODIROLI MCMASTER, N. (2017) Who studies STEM subjects at A level and degree in England? An investigation into the intersections between students’ family background, gender and ethnicity in determining choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528-553.

COLLIER W, VALBUENA J and ZHU, Y. (2018) What determines post-compulsory academic studies? Evidence from the longitudinal survey of young people in England. Applied Economics Letters, 25(9), 607-610.

FAN, W. (2017) School tenure and student achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(4), 578-607.

GILLBORN,D, DEMACK,S, ROLLOCK,N and WARMINGTON,P. (2017) Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap. British Educational Research Journal, 43(5), 848-874.

GOLDMAN, R and BURGESS, A. (2018) Contemporary Fathers in the UK: Review of Research on British Dads. Fatherhood Institute Report, June 2018. Marlborough: Fatherhood Institute.

GUTMAN, L.M and SCHOON, I. (2018) Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 67(Aug 2018), 109-119.

HALE, D., and VINER, R. (2016). The correlates and course of multiple health risk behaviour in adolescence. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 31; 16: 458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z.

SEMLYEN, J., KING, M., VARNEY, J., and HAGGER-JOHNSON, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24;16: 67. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z.

SYMONDS, J., DIETRICH, J., CHOW, A., and SALMELA-ARO, K. (2016). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 652-665

Outside of providing material for the basis of research, CLS have regularly produced reports and briefing papers sampling findings from the Next Steps study addressing trends between lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors and the progression of participants. The topics of these outputs have regularly been parallel to key instances of participant’s lives in conjunction with their age, for example the effects of participant interests and economic background on education pathways and overall health. These outputs are typically posted to the CLS website in the form of briefing documents or ‘News’ reports focused on the individual topics. Examples of these outputs can be found on the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/) or at the links below:

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_EconomicActivityHealth_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_MentalHealth_Brief_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_TheRoleofDietEx_Brief_WEB.pdf

CLS plan to continue to produce these outputs using aggregated reports of data from findings as a result of the Next Steps study. Future reporting will shift focus with participants progressing through early adult life, with topics based around the subjects of the Age 31 Survey such as those outlined above. (Demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives).

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health. Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

The Next Steps study has shown to be a strong resource to researchers in addressing different developing aspects of life for young people. Through this research, Next Steps has contributed to the restructuring of public opinion and policy focused on young people in England.

Next Steps being used in the reform of vocational education for young people:

In 2011 the Department for Education has commissioned an investigative work to find out the effectiveness of ‘vocational’ education system in the UK in helping young adults securing jobs. The study, conducted by Professor Alison Wolf using data from Next Steps study showed that young adults aged 16-19 were actively seeking work, but that around a third to a half of them struggled to find appropriate courses and jobs, and as a result changed occupations frequently and spent periods of time not in work, education or training. Based on these findings, Professor Wolf was able to make 27 specific recommendations of how to improve practical education and training opportunities for young people that will help them to get jobs with good opportunities for progression. More information on this report can be found at the link: - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180504/DFE-00031-2011.pdf - The government committed to acting on all the recommendations in Professor Wolf’s report with comments addressing the input from the Wolf Report.

Next Steps being used in Government Policy on Youth Unemployment.

Findings from Next Steps have been used to inform the Government’s strategy on getting young people into education, employment or training. The struggling economic climate has often been cited as the reason for the large number of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET). However, new research using data from Next Steps have shown that there are other factors that influence whether or not a person spends NEET. The findings showed that education attainment at age 16 is one of the most determining factors in determining a person’s future path. Forty-five per cent of those with no GCSEs had spent more than a year NEET by the time they turned 18, compared to just 4 per cent of those with five or more GCSEs at A*-C.

Building Engagement, Building Futures lays out the Government’s plans to tackle the causes of youth unemployment. This strategy proposes to maximise the participation of 16-24 years old in education, training and work. More info can be found here - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-engagement-building-futures - The strategy was developed by the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department for Education, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It comes in response to recommendations of the influential Wolf Report, which also draws on evidence from Next Steps.

Next Steps being used in Anti-Bullying Campaigns

Findings from Next Steps have been used in several anti-bullying campaigns and initiatives, as well as guidance for teachers and schools about how to stops bullying. And the efforts have paid off. A recent study has shown that secondary school pupils today are less likely to be bullied. Ten thousand fewer pupils are being bullied every day than 10 years ago, a major new study of secondary school pupils has revealed. The Department of Education report compares the experiences of Next Steps study members to members of Our Future, a new study which started following Year 9 pupils in 2013. This landmark research, which involved tens of thousands of young people from 2004 and 2013, is one of the largest of its kind ever undertaken and highlighted a fall in bullying since participants of Next Steps were recruited for the study.

Initial findings from the age 25 data, produced and published by CLS, have also contributed to political debate in relation to the labour market conditions for this generation, with Members of Parliament referring to findings on the negative impact of zero hours contracts on health in Prime Ministers’ questions in July 2017.

Further examples of what has been learnt from the study includes:

Education: Next Steps has provided information on the factors that influence young people's performance at school, including the fact that attainment gaps between young people from rich and poor backgrounds emerged early in life and were very large by the time GCSEs were taken. Findings were used in setting up the Education Maintenance Allowance which is a scheme which helps young people from low income families with the costs of travel, books and equipment for school or college.

Employment: Next Steps has contributed to the understanding of young people's experiences of the labour market. It has shown that young people's educational attainment at age 16 is the most important factor affecting whether they are in education, training or employment at age 18. In 2011 the government used the findings in their policy on tackling the root causes of youth unemployment.

Social exclusion linked to academic struggles for young people in poor health: according to new research from Next Steps, teenagers with poor physical and mental health are often excluded from social circles and activities, which can have a knock-on effect on their performance at school and in the labour market. More information can be found here -

https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/social-exclusion-linked-to-academic-struggles-for-young-people-in-poor-health/

*** AMENDMENT

Henderson, M., Fitzsimons, E., Ploubidis, G., Richards, M., and Patalay, P. (2020) Mental health during lockdown:

evidence from four generations - Initial findings from the COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Studies.

London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

IMPACT: Research on the impact of COVID 19 highlighted the large mental health differences across generations,

with young people, specially women aged 19 and 30, at the greatest risk of depression, anxiety, loneliness and low

life satisfaction.

Looking at change is a key benefit of a longitudinal study. CLS researchers found that young women (aged 30)

showed the biggest increase in mental health problems since they were previously assessed some years before

compared to middle-aged (aged 50) and older adults (aged 62). While this change in mental health will reflect

change that may naturally occur at this stage of life, as well as change attributable to the pandemic, this finding

chimes with other studies which have also shown that young women have experienced the largest increase in

mental health problems due to COVID-19.

Detailed information about the study can be found via the link below.

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Mental-health-during-lockdown-%E2%80%93-initial-findingsfrom-

COVID-19-survey-1.pdf

Background:

Next Steps Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - originally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education.

The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

The Age 25 survey is now completed and the aggregated outputs from the survey have now been deposited with the UK Data Archive, located at the University of Essex, no patient identifiable data is deposited.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,620 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 31 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The next sweep should take place when the cohort are aged 31, in 2021. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 31, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to received MRIS reports including participant demographic, mortality and embarkation data to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Each year CLS sends an annual birthday card postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g. a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e. seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the NCDS database. In the event of the birthday card not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a return to sender. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a gone-away.

NHS Digital will supply new addresses for untraced study members who can be matched to the NHS Central Registry/Personal Demographics Service (PDS). CLS require to trace lost study members between now and the Age 31 survey in 2020/2021 which is currently in the planning stage. Any study members successfully traced via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details. They will then subsequently be invited to participate in the Next Steps Age 31 survey (unless they withdraw from the study). All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

For the tracing purpose CLS will supply NHS Digital with a file of study members (consisting of the cohort) and their last known address, extracted from the CLS address database. CLS asked that these details are matched with NHS Registration Data and registered addresses supplied, where available. CLS will ask that NHS Digital flag these Cohort members in the NHS Digital database so that deaths and embarkations can be notified to CLS.

Data Summary:

The following Medical Research (MRIS) reports are requested against the total cohort population:

MRIS List Cleaning Report – Two disseminations over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cause of Death Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cohort Event Notification Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Flagging Current Status Report – One-off report.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible.

Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to:

a) be supplied with updated addresses for these study members whose whereabouts are currently unknown. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. The aim of being provided with the address details and other up to date identifiers for the cohort was to trace as many study members as possible in advance of the next wave of fieldwork.

b) Notifications of deaths and embarkations and exits/entry from the NHS. CLS is also seeking permission to receive notifications of deaths and embarkations on a biannual basis for these cohort members. This information will be used to prevent CLS from seeking to contact those who have died and thus potentially causing distress to relatives and friends and those who are no longer in Great Britain as this would be a waste of resources. On receiving a death or embarkation notification respondents would be flagged on CLS' database as having died or emigrated as appropriate. The mortality data requested is fact of death, date of death and cause of death.

CLS have already received data under the original data agreement (NIC-316681-W7P2R) and, under the subsequent amendment (NIC-349413-F1J1N), were able to pass data to their contracted fieldwork agency NatCen Social Research (NatCen) to allow them to initiate/conduct the survey. Please note that the data files supplied from NHS Digital, as part of this application, have been processed within CLS and entered into CLS’s secure address database. They have been used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave – this data is not sent to the UK Data Service.

The data supplied will be used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave. When study members were contacted to invite them to participate in the Next Steps Age 25 study, it was made explicitly clear that they can inform CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study and they will not be contacted again. Where study members have requested their withdrawal from the study, these individuals will no longer be included in the total cohort to be invited to Age Surveys, or submitted to NHS Digital for tracing records. CLS will remove the individuals data from their system following confirmation of the request.

For the previous sweep, conducted in 2015/16, NatCen Social Research, were an external Data Processor and carried out the survey fieldwork and associated mailings for the Next Steps LSYPE Age 25 survey – specifically they were contracted to carry out: (1) Email and postal mailings to LSYPE cohort members about the study; (2) Interviews with Next Steps (LSYPE) cohort members. With the completion of the Age 25 survey in 2016, the contract with NatCen was ended and NatCen was no longer a data processor when the previous version (v2.8) of this agreement was renewed in 2018.

CLS have also contracted an additional data processor, Copyprint, to distribute annual mailings to all participants. This exercise serves as an additional method of maintaining contact with as many participants between Age surveys. Copyprint will have access to participant demographic information and contact details in order to carry out these processes. This includes data which has been supplied by NHS Digital for updated contact information. Copyprint will not retain any of the participant data supplied to them by CLS once each mailing is complete and will destroy the data.

CLS is relying on the following two articles under General Data Protection Regulation as their legal basis to process the data:

Article 6(1)(e) – (processing is necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller)

Article 9(2)(j) – (processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject)

*** Amendment to add Data Processors

CLS contract external suppliers to conduct fieldwork with study members on CLS' behalf.

Ipsos Mori have been contracted to conduct the forthcoming Age 31 Survey. Fieldwork for this project will commence in Summer 2021. The Age 31 Survey will use a mixed mode approach in which participants will first be invited to take part in the survey online. Those who are not able to take part online will be invited to take part either by telephone or to be visited by a face-to-face interviewer.

Kantar Public have been contracted to conduct two surveys which will explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on different aspects of life. These two surveys follow an initial survey conducted by CLS in May 2020. The first of the surveys to be completed by Kantar was conducted in September/October 2020 and participants could only take part online. The second will commence in January 2021 and will provide those unable to take part online with an opportunity to take part via telephone.

In May 2020 CLS conducted a COVID19 survey (Wave 1) which explored the impact of COVID19 pandemic on different aspects of life. Kantar Public was contracted to conduct another two surveys. The first of the surveys (Wave 2) to be completed by Kantar was conducted in September/October 2020 and participants could only take part online. The second will commence in January 2021 (Wave3) and will provide those unable to take part online with an opportunity to take part via telephone.

In wave 1, the aim of the survey was to collect insights into the lives of study participants including their physical and mental health and wellbeing, family and relationships, education, work, and finances during the lockdown. The questions focused mainly on how participants lives had changed from just before the outbreak of the pandemic in March 2020 up until their response to the survey during the height of the lockdown restrictions in May 2020.

Wave 1 data is now available from the UKDS website- https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=8658

The aim of Wave 2 survey is to capture how participants' lives have changed from Wave 1 (collected at the height of the lockdown restrictions in May 2020) until late Summer/Early Autumn 2020. The topic areas mirror closely those for Wave 1, with additional questions about health care, financial transfers, life events, children's schooling in summer and autumn term.

The full Wave 2 questionnaire is available here

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/UCL-Centre-for-Longitudinal-Studies-COVID-19-Online-Survey-

Questionnaire-Wave-2-Sept-2020.pdf

Once the data is available and ready, Wave 2 and 3 data will also be made available for researchers to use via the UKDS.

The scientific priorities and questionnaire content will be elaborated and developed in consultation with the academic and policy community with the aim of collecting both information relevant to their lives at age 31 and to later life outcomes, as well as repeat measures of topics covered at age 25. CLS will continue to prospectively harmonise the content with other comparable cohorts, particularly those in the UK, by drawing on comparable measures at a similar age. CLS will establish a scientific advisory group of academics from key disciplines and research areas, and ensure that the content is closely aligned with research priorities, as well as the areas of research interest (ARIs) published by government departments. Reflecting these priorities, some of the major themes which CLS intend to cover at age 31 are: demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.

CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated report for the benefit of the wider research community as previous interest in LSYPE data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas. CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. Below are some examples of existing publications using LSYPE data (waves 1 to 7, including the previous sweep aged 25/26):

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-reported smoking, alcohol and drug use among adolescents and young adults with and without mild to moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, published online, 23 April 2018.

HATTON, C, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and BAINES, S. (2018) The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 768-777.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-Reported Participation in Sport/Exercise Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(4), 247-254.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

I, S, THEOCHARAKI, F, SULLIVAN, A and PLOUBIDIS, G.B. (2018) Social determinants of health in population-based cohort studies, UK: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(Suppl.4), cky214.063.

ALCOTT, B. (2017) Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 58(7), 773–804.

ANDERS, J. (2017) The influence of socioeconomic status on changes in young people’s expectations of applying to university. Oxford Review of Education, 43(4), 381-401.

ANDERS, J and DORSETT, R. (2017) What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8(1), 75-103.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) Incentivising specific combinations of subjects: does it make any difference to university access? CLS Working Paper 2017/11. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) A note on subject choice at age 14 and socio-economic inequality in access to university. CLS Working Paper 2017/10.

ANDERS, J.D, MOULTON, V, HENDERSON, M and SULLIVAN, A. (2018) The role of schools in explaining individuals’ subject choices at age 14. Oxford Review of Education, 44(1), 75-93.

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

BELLFIELD, C and VAN DER ERVE, L. (2018) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates. IFS Working Paper W18/25. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOWE, A.G. (2017) The immigrant paradox on internalizing symptoms among immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(February 2017), 72-76.

CAMERON, C, HOLLINGWORTH, K, SCHOON, I, VAN SANTEN, E, SCHROER, W, RISTIKARI, T, HEINO, T and PEKKARINEN, E. (2018) Care leavers in early adulthood: How do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Children and Youth Services Review, 87(April 2018), 163-172.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2017) What role do enjoyment and students’ perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university? CLS Working Paper 2017/12. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2018) Stratification into field of study in Higher Education. Doctoral Thesis. University College London.

CODIROLI MCMASTER, N. (2017) Who studies STEM subjects at A level and degree in England? An investigation into the intersections between students’ family background, gender and ethnicity in determining choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528-553.

COLLIER W, VALBUENA J and ZHU, Y. (2018) What determines post-compulsory academic studies? Evidence from the longitudinal survey of young people in England. Applied Economics Letters, 25(9), 607-610.

FAN, W. (2017) School tenure and student achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(4), 578-607.

GILLBORN,D, DEMACK,S, ROLLOCK,N and WARMINGTON,P. (2017) Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap. British Educational Research Journal, 43(5), 848-874.

GOLDMAN, R and BURGESS, A. (2018) Contemporary Fathers in the UK: Review of Research on British Dads. Fatherhood Institute Report, June 2018. Marlborough: Fatherhood Institute.

GUTMAN, L.M and SCHOON, I. (2018) Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 67(Aug 2018), 109-119.

HALE, D., and VINER, R. (2016). The correlates and course of multiple health risk behaviour in adolescence. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 31; 16: 458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z.

SEMLYEN, J., KING, M., VARNEY, J., and HAGGER-JOHNSON, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24;16: 67. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z.

SYMONDS, J., DIETRICH, J., CHOW, A., and SALMELA-ARO, K. (2016). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 652-665

Outside of providing material for the basis of research, CLS have regularly produced reports and briefing papers sampling findings from the Next Steps study addressing trends between lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors and the progression of participants. The topics of these outputs have regularly been parallel to key instances of participant’s lives in conjunction with their age, for example the effects of participant interests and economic background on education pathways and overall health. These outputs are typically posted to the CLS website in the form of briefing documents or ‘News’ reports focused on the individual topics. Examples of these outputs can be found on the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/) or at the links below:

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_EconomicActivityHealth_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_MentalHealth_Brief_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_TheRoleofDietEx_Brief_WEB.pdf

CLS plan to continue to produce these outputs using aggregated reports of data from findings as a result of the Next Steps study. Future reporting will shift focus with participants progressing through early adult life, with topics based around the subjects of the Age 31 Survey such as those outlined above. (Demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives).

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health. Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

The Next Steps study has shown to be a strong resource to researchers in addressing different developing aspects of life for young people. Through this research, Next Steps has contributed to the restructuring of public opinion and policy focused on young people in England.

Next Steps being used in the reform of vocational education for young people:

In 2011 the Department for Education has commissioned an investigative work to find out the effectiveness of ‘vocational’ education system in the UK in helping young adults securing jobs. The study, conducted by Professor Alison Wolf using data from Next Steps study showed that young adults aged 16-19 were actively seeking work, but that around a third to a half of them struggled to find appropriate courses and jobs, and as a result changed occupations frequently and spent periods of time not in work, education or training. Based on these findings, Professor Wolf was able to make 27 specific recommendations of how to improve practical education and training opportunities for young people that will help them to get jobs with good opportunities for progression. More information on this report can be found at the link: - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180504/DFE-00031-2011.pdf - The government committed to acting on all the recommendations in Professor Wolf’s report with comments addressing the input from the Wolf Report.

Next Steps being used in Government Policy on Youth Unemployment.

Findings from Next Steps have been used to inform the Government’s strategy on getting young people into education, employment or training. The struggling economic climate has often been cited as the reason for the large number of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET). However, new research using data from Next Steps have shown that there are other factors that influence whether or not a person spends NEET. The findings showed that education attainment at age 16 is one of the most determining factors in determining a person’s future path. Forty-five per cent of those with no GCSEs had spent more than a year NEET by the time they turned 18, compared to just 4 per cent of those with five or more GCSEs at A*-C.

Building Engagement, Building Futures lays out the Government’s plans to tackle the causes of youth unemployment. This strategy proposes to maximise the participation of 16-24 years old in education, training and work. More info can be found here - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-engagement-building-futures - The strategy was developed by the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department for Education, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It comes in response to recommendations of the influential Wolf Report, which also draws on evidence from Next Steps.

Next Steps being used in Anti-Bullying Campaigns

Findings from Next Steps have been used in several anti-bullying campaigns and initiatives, as well as guidance for teachers and schools about how to stops bullying. And the efforts have paid off. A recent study has shown that secondary school pupils today are less likely to be bullied. Ten thousand fewer pupils are being bullied every day than 10 years ago, a major new study of secondary school pupils has revealed. The Department of Education report compares the experiences of Next Steps study members to members of Our Future, a new study which started following Year 9 pupils in 2013. This landmark research, which involved tens of thousands of young people from 2004 and 2013, is one of the largest of its kind ever undertaken and highlighted a fall in bullying since participants of Next Steps were recruited for the study.

Initial findings from the age 25 data, produced and published by CLS, have also contributed to political debate in relation to the labour market conditions for this generation, with Members of Parliament referring to findings on the negative impact of zero hours contracts on health in Prime Ministers’ questions in July 2017.

Further examples of what has been learnt from the study includes:

Education: Next Steps has provided information on the factors that influence young people's performance at school, including the fact that attainment gaps between young people from rich and poor backgrounds emerged early in life and were very large by the time GCSEs were taken. Findings were used in setting up the Education Maintenance Allowance which is a scheme which helps young people from low income families with the costs of travel, books and equipment for school or college.

Employment: Next Steps has contributed to the understanding of young people's experiences of the labour market. It has shown that young people's educational attainment at age 16 is the most important factor affecting whether they are in education, training or employment at age 18. In 2011 the government used the findings in their policy on tackling the root causes of youth unemployment.

Social exclusion linked to academic struggles for young people in poor health: according to new research from Next Steps, teenagers with poor physical and mental health are often excluded from social circles and activities, which can have a knock-on effect on their performance at school and in the labour market. More information can be found here -

https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/social-exclusion-linked-to-academic-struggles-for-young-people-in-poor-health/

*** AMENDMENT

Henderson, M., Fitzsimons, E., Ploubidis, G., Richards, M., and Patalay, P. (2020) Mental health during lockdown:

evidence from four generations - Initial findings from the COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Studies.

London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

IMPACT: Research on the impact of COVID 19 highlighted the large mental health differences across generations,

with young people, specially women aged 19 and 30, at the greatest risk of depression, anxiety, loneliness and low

life satisfaction.

Looking at change is a key benefit of a longitudinal study. CLS researchers found that young women (aged 30)

showed the biggest increase in mental health problems since they were previously assessed some years before

compared to middle-aged (aged 50) and older adults (aged 62). While this change in mental health will reflect

change that may naturally occur at this stage of life, as well as change attributable to the pandemic, this finding

chimes with other studies which have also shown that young women have experienced the largest increase in

mental health problems due to COVID-19.

Detailed information about the study can be found via the link below.

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Mental-health-during-lockdown-%E2%80%93-initial-findingsfrom-

COVID-19-survey-1.pdf

Background:

Next Steps Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - originally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education.

The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

The Age 25 survey is now completed and the aggregated outputs from the survey have now been deposited with the UK Data Archive, located at the University of Essex, no patient identifiable data is deposited.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,620 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 31 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The next sweep should take place when the cohort are aged 31, in 2021. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 31, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to received MRIS reports including participant demographic, mortality and embarkation data to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Each year CLS sends an annual birthday card postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g. a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e. seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the NCDS database. In the event of the birthday card not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a return to sender. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a gone-away.

NHS Digital will supply new addresses for untraced study members who can be matched to the NHS Central Registry/Personal Demographics Service (PDS). CLS require to trace lost study members between now and the Age 31 survey in 2020/2021 which is currently in the planning stage. Any study members successfully traced via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details. They will then subsequently be invited to participate in the Next Steps Age 31 survey (unless they withdraw from the study). All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

For the tracing purpose CLS will supply NHS Digital with a file of study members (consisting of the cohort) and their last known address, extracted from the CLS address database. CLS asked that these details are matched with NHS Registration Data and registered addresses supplied, where available. CLS will ask that NHS Digital flag these Cohort members in the NHS Digital database so that deaths and embarkations can be notified to CLS.

Data Summary:

The following Medical Research (MRIS) reports are requested against the total cohort population:

MRIS List Cleaning Report – Two disseminations over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cause of Death Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cohort Event Notification Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Flagging Current Status Report – One-off report.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible.

Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to:

a) be supplied with updated addresses for these study members whose whereabouts are currently unknown. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. The aim of being provided with the address details and other up to date identifiers for the cohort was to trace as many study members as possible in advance of the next wave of fieldwork.

b) Notifications of deaths and embarkations and exits/entry from the NHS. CLS is also seeking permission to receive notifications of deaths and embarkations on a biannual basis for these cohort members. This information will be used to prevent CLS from seeking to contact those who have died and thus potentially causing distress to relatives and friends and those who are no longer in Great Britain as this would be a waste of resources. On receiving a death or embarkation notification respondents would be flagged on CLS' database as having died or emigrated as appropriate. The mortality data requested is fact of death, date of death and cause of death.

CLS have already received data under the original data agreement (NIC-316681-W7P2R) and, under the subsequent amendment (NIC-349413-F1J1N), were able to pass data to their contracted fieldwork agency NatCen Social Research (NatCen) to allow them to initiate/conduct the survey. Please note that the data files supplied from NHS Digital, as part of this application, have been processed within CLS and entered into CLS’s secure address database. They have been used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave – this data is not sent to the UK Data Service.

The data supplied will be used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave. When study members were contacted to invite them to participate in the Next Steps Age 25 study, it was made explicitly clear that they can inform CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study and they will not be contacted again. Where study members have requested their withdrawal from the study, these individuals will no longer be included in the total cohort to be invited to Age Surveys, or submitted to NHS Digital for tracing records. CLS will remove the individuals data from their system following confirmation of the request.

For the previous sweep, conducted in 2015/16, NatCen Social Research, were an external Data Processor and carried out the survey fieldwork and associated mailings for the Next Steps LSYPE Age 25 survey – specifically they were contracted to carry out: (1) Email and postal mailings to LSYPE cohort members about the study; (2) Interviews with Next Steps (LSYPE) cohort members. With the completion of the Age 25 survey in 2016, the contract with NatCen was ended and NatCen was no longer a data processor when the previous version (v2.8) of this agreement was renewed in 2018.

CLS have also contracted an additional data processor, Copyprint, to distribute annual mailings to all participants. This exercise serves as an additional method of maintaining contact with as many participants between Age surveys. Copyprint will have access to participant demographic information and contact details in order to carry out these processes. This includes data which has been supplied by NHS Digital for updated contact information. Copyprint will not retain any of the participant data supplied to them by CLS once each mailing is complete and will destroy the data.

CLS is relying on the following two articles under General Data Protection Regulation as their legal basis to process the data:

Article 6(1)(e) – (processing is necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller)

Article 9(2)(j) – (processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject)

*** Amendment to add Data Processors

CLS contract external suppliers to conduct fieldwork with study members on CLS' behalf.

Ipsos Mori have been contracted to conduct the forthcoming Age 31 Survey. Fieldwork for this project will commence in Summer 2021. The Age 31 Survey will use a mixed mode approach in which participants will first be invited to take part in the survey online. Those who are not able to take part online will be invited to take part either by telephone or to be visited by a face-to-face interviewer.

Kantar Public have been contracted to conduct two surveys which will explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on different aspects of life. These two surveys follow an initial survey conducted by CLS in May 2020. The first of the surveys to be completed by Kantar was conducted in September/October 2020 and participants could only take part online. The second will commence in January 2021 and will provide those unable to take part online with an opportunity to take part via telephone.

In May 2020 CLS conducted a COVID19 survey (Wave 1) which explored the impact of COVID19 pandemic on different aspects of life. Kantar Public was contracted to conduct another two surveys. The first of the surveys (Wave 2) to be completed by Kantar was conducted in September/October 2020 and participants could only take part online. The second will commence in January 2021 (Wave3) and will provide those unable to take part online with an opportunity to take part via telephone.

In wave 1, the aim of the survey was to collect insights into the lives of study participants including their physical and mental health and wellbeing, family and relationships, education, work, and finances during the lockdown. The questions focused mainly on how participants lives had changed from just before the outbreak of the pandemic in March 2020 up until their response to the survey during the height of the lockdown restrictions in May 2020.

Wave 1 data is now available from the UKDS website- https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=8658

The aim of Wave 2 survey is to capture how participants' lives have changed from Wave 1 (collected at the height of the lockdown restrictions in May 2020) until late Summer/Early Autumn 2020. The topic areas mirror closely those for Wave 1, with additional questions about health care, financial transfers, life events, children's schooling in summer and autumn term.

The full Wave 2 questionnaire is available here

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/UCL-Centre-for-Longitudinal-Studies-COVID-19-Online-Survey-

Questionnaire-Wave-2-Sept-2020.pdf

Once the data is available and ready, Wave 2 and 3 data will also be made available for researchers to use via the UKDS.

The scientific priorities and questionnaire content will be elaborated and developed in consultation with the academic and policy community with the aim of collecting both information relevant to their lives at age 31 and to later life outcomes, as well as repeat measures of topics covered at age 25. CLS will continue to prospectively harmonise the content with other comparable cohorts, particularly those in the UK, by drawing on comparable measures at a similar age. CLS will establish a scientific advisory group of academics from key disciplines and research areas, and ensure that the content is closely aligned with research priorities, as well as the areas of research interest (ARIs) published by government departments. Reflecting these priorities, some of the major themes which CLS intend to cover at age 31 are: demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.

CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated report for the benefit of the wider research community as previous interest in LSYPE data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas. CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. Below are some examples of existing publications using LSYPE data (waves 1 to 7, including the previous sweep aged 25/26):

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-reported smoking, alcohol and drug use among adolescents and young adults with and without mild to moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, published online, 23 April 2018.

HATTON, C, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and BAINES, S. (2018) The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 768-777.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-Reported Participation in Sport/Exercise Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(4), 247-254.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

I, S, THEOCHARAKI, F, SULLIVAN, A and PLOUBIDIS, G.B. (2018) Social determinants of health in population-based cohort studies, UK: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(Suppl.4), cky214.063.

ALCOTT, B. (2017) Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 58(7), 773–804.

ANDERS, J. (2017) The influence of socioeconomic status on changes in young people’s expectations of applying to university. Oxford Review of Education, 43(4), 381-401.

ANDERS, J and DORSETT, R. (2017) What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8(1), 75-103.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) Incentivising specific combinations of subjects: does it make any difference to university access? CLS Working Paper 2017/11. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) A note on subject choice at age 14 and socio-economic inequality in access to university. CLS Working Paper 2017/10.

ANDERS, J.D, MOULTON, V, HENDERSON, M and SULLIVAN, A. (2018) The role of schools in explaining individuals’ subject choices at age 14. Oxford Review of Education, 44(1), 75-93.

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

BELLFIELD, C and VAN DER ERVE, L. (2018) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates. IFS Working Paper W18/25. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOWE, A.G. (2017) The immigrant paradox on internalizing symptoms among immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(February 2017), 72-76.

CAMERON, C, HOLLINGWORTH, K, SCHOON, I, VAN SANTEN, E, SCHROER, W, RISTIKARI, T, HEINO, T and PEKKARINEN, E. (2018) Care leavers in early adulthood: How do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Children and Youth Services Review, 87(April 2018), 163-172.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2017) What role do enjoyment and students’ perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university? CLS Working Paper 2017/12. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2018) Stratification into field of study in Higher Education. Doctoral Thesis. University College London.

CODIROLI MCMASTER, N. (2017) Who studies STEM subjects at A level and degree in England? An investigation into the intersections between students’ family background, gender and ethnicity in determining choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528-553.

COLLIER W, VALBUENA J and ZHU, Y. (2018) What determines post-compulsory academic studies? Evidence from the longitudinal survey of young people in England. Applied Economics Letters, 25(9), 607-610.

FAN, W. (2017) School tenure and student achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(4), 578-607.

GILLBORN,D, DEMACK,S, ROLLOCK,N and WARMINGTON,P. (2017) Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap. British Educational Research Journal, 43(5), 848-874.

GOLDMAN, R and BURGESS, A. (2018) Contemporary Fathers in the UK: Review of Research on British Dads. Fatherhood Institute Report, June 2018. Marlborough: Fatherhood Institute.

GUTMAN, L.M and SCHOON, I. (2018) Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 67(Aug 2018), 109-119.

HALE, D., and VINER, R. (2016). The correlates and course of multiple health risk behaviour in adolescence. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 31; 16: 458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z.

SEMLYEN, J., KING, M., VARNEY, J., and HAGGER-JOHNSON, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24;16: 67. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z.

SYMONDS, J., DIETRICH, J., CHOW, A., and SALMELA-ARO, K. (2016). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 652-665

Outside of providing material for the basis of research, CLS have regularly produced reports and briefing papers sampling findings from the Next Steps study addressing trends between lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors and the progression of participants. The topics of these outputs have regularly been parallel to key instances of participant’s lives in conjunction with their age, for example the effects of participant interests and economic background on education pathways and overall health. These outputs are typically posted to the CLS website in the form of briefing documents or ‘News’ reports focused on the individual topics. Examples of these outputs can be found on the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/) or at the links below:

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_EconomicActivityHealth_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_MentalHealth_Brief_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_TheRoleofDietEx_Brief_WEB.pdf

CLS plan to continue to produce these outputs using aggregated reports of data from findings as a result of the Next Steps study. Future reporting will shift focus with participants progressing through early adult life, with topics based around the subjects of the Age 31 Survey such as those outlined above. (Demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives).

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health. Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

The Next Steps study has shown to be a strong resource to researchers in addressing different developing aspects of life for young people. Through this research, Next Steps has contributed to the restructuring of public opinion and policy focused on young people in England.

Next Steps being used in the reform of vocational education for young people:

In 2011 the Department for Education has commissioned an investigative work to find out the effectiveness of ‘vocational’ education system in the UK in helping young adults securing jobs. The study, conducted by Professor Alison Wolf using data from Next Steps study showed that young adults aged 16-19 were actively seeking work, but that around a third to a half of them struggled to find appropriate courses and jobs, and as a result changed occupations frequently and spent periods of time not in work, education or training. Based on these findings, Professor Wolf was able to make 27 specific recommendations of how to improve practical education and training opportunities for young people that will help them to get jobs with good opportunities for progression. More information on this report can be found at the link: - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180504/DFE-00031-2011.pdf - The government committed to acting on all the recommendations in Professor Wolf’s report with comments addressing the input from the Wolf Report.

Next Steps being used in Government Policy on Youth Unemployment.

Findings from Next Steps have been used to inform the Government’s strategy on getting young people into education, employment or training. The struggling economic climate has often been cited as the reason for the large number of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET). However, new research using data from Next Steps have shown that there are other factors that influence whether or not a person spends NEET. The findings showed that education attainment at age 16 is one of the most determining factors in determining a person’s future path. Forty-five per cent of those with no GCSEs had spent more than a year NEET by the time they turned 18, compared to just 4 per cent of those with five or more GCSEs at A*-C.

Building Engagement, Building Futures lays out the Government’s plans to tackle the causes of youth unemployment. This strategy proposes to maximise the participation of 16-24 years old in education, training and work. More info can be found here - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-engagement-building-futures - The strategy was developed by the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department for Education, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It comes in response to recommendations of the influential Wolf Report, which also draws on evidence from Next Steps.

Next Steps being used in Anti-Bullying Campaigns

Findings from Next Steps have been used in several anti-bullying campaigns and initiatives, as well as guidance for teachers and schools about how to stops bullying. And the efforts have paid off. A recent study has shown that secondary school pupils today are less likely to be bullied. Ten thousand fewer pupils are being bullied every day than 10 years ago, a major new study of secondary school pupils has revealed. The Department of Education report compares the experiences of Next Steps study members to members of Our Future, a new study which started following Year 9 pupils in 2013. This landmark research, which involved tens of thousands of young people from 2004 and 2013, is one of the largest of its kind ever undertaken and highlighted a fall in bullying since participants of Next Steps were recruited for the study.

Initial findings from the age 25 data, produced and published by CLS, have also contributed to political debate in relation to the labour market conditions for this generation, with Members of Parliament referring to findings on the negative impact of zero hours contracts on health in Prime Ministers’ questions in July 2017.

Further examples of what has been learnt from the study includes:

Education: Next Steps has provided information on the factors that influence young people's performance at school, including the fact that attainment gaps between young people from rich and poor backgrounds emerged early in life and were very large by the time GCSEs were taken. Findings were used in setting up the Education Maintenance Allowance which is a scheme which helps young people from low income families with the costs of travel, books and equipment for school or college.

Employment: Next Steps has contributed to the understanding of young people's experiences of the labour market. It has shown that young people's educational attainment at age 16 is the most important factor affecting whether they are in education, training or employment at age 18. In 2011 the government used the findings in their policy on tackling the root causes of youth unemployment.

Social exclusion linked to academic struggles for young people in poor health: according to new research from Next Steps, teenagers with poor physical and mental health are often excluded from social circles and activities, which can have a knock-on effect on their performance at school and in the labour market. More information can be found here -

https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/social-exclusion-linked-to-academic-struggles-for-young-people-in-poor-health/

*** AMENDMENT

Henderson, M., Fitzsimons, E., Ploubidis, G., Richards, M., and Patalay, P. (2020) Mental health during lockdown:

evidence from four generations - Initial findings from the COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Studies.

London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

IMPACT: Research on the impact of COVID 19 highlighted the large mental health differences across generations,

with young people, specially women aged 19 and 30, at the greatest risk of depression, anxiety, loneliness and low

life satisfaction.

Looking at change is a key benefit of a longitudinal study. CLS researchers found that young women (aged 30)

showed the biggest increase in mental health problems since they were previously assessed some years before

compared to middle-aged (aged 50) and older adults (aged 62). While this change in mental health will reflect

change that may naturally occur at this stage of life, as well as change attributable to the pandemic, this finding

chimes with other studies which have also shown that young women have experienced the largest increase in

mental health problems due to COVID-19.

Detailed information about the study can be found via the link below.

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Mental-health-during-lockdown-%E2%80%93-initial-findingsfrom-

COVID-19-survey-1.pdf

Background:

Next Steps Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - originally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education.

The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

The Age 25 survey is now completed and the aggregated outputs from the survey have now been deposited with the UK Data Archive, located at the University of Essex, no patient identifiable data is deposited.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,620 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 31 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The next sweep should take place when the cohort are aged 31, in 2021. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 31, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to received MRIS reports including participant demographic, mortality and embarkation data to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Each year CLS sends an annual birthday card postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g. a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e. seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the NCDS database. In the event of the birthday card not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a return to sender. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a gone-away.

NHS Digital will supply new addresses for untraced study members who can be matched to the NHS Central Registry/Personal Demographics Service (PDS). CLS require to trace lost study members between now and the Age 31 survey in 2020/2021 which is currently in the planning stage. Any study members successfully traced via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details. They will then subsequently be invited to participate in the Next Steps Age 31 survey (unless they withdraw from the study). All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

For the tracing purpose CLS will supply NHS Digital with a file of study members (consisting of the cohort) and their last known address, extracted from the CLS address database. CLS asked that these details are matched with NHS Registration Data and registered addresses supplied, where available. CLS will ask that NHS Digital flag these Cohort members in the NHS Digital database so that deaths and embarkations can be notified to CLS.

Data Summary:

The following Medical Research (MRIS) reports are requested against the total cohort population:

MRIS List Cleaning Report – Two disseminations over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cause of Death Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cohort Event Notification Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Flagging Current Status Report – One-off report.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible.

Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to:

a) be supplied with updated addresses for these study members whose whereabouts are currently unknown. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. The aim of being provided with the address details and other up to date identifiers for the cohort was to trace as many study members as possible in advance of the next wave of fieldwork.

b) Notifications of deaths and embarkations and exits/entry from the NHS. CLS is also seeking permission to receive notifications of deaths and embarkations on a biannual basis for these cohort members. This information will be used to prevent CLS from seeking to contact those who have died and thus potentially causing distress to relatives and friends and those who are no longer in Great Britain as this would be a waste of resources. On receiving a death or embarkation notification respondents would be flagged on CLS' database as having died or emigrated as appropriate. The mortality data requested is fact of death, date of death and cause of death.

CLS have already received data under the original data agreement (NIC-316681-W7P2R) and, under the subsequent amendment (NIC-349413-F1J1N), were able to pass data to their contracted fieldwork agency NatCen Social Research (NatCen) to allow them to initiate/conduct the survey. Please note that the data files supplied from NHS Digital, as part of this application, have been processed within CLS and entered into CLS’s secure address database. They have been used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave – this data is not sent to the UK Data Service.

The data supplied will be used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave. When study members were contacted to invite them to participate in the Next Steps Age 25 study, it was made explicitly clear that they can inform CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study and they will not be contacted again. Where study members have requested their withdrawal from the study, these individuals will no longer be included in the total cohort to be invited to Age Surveys, or submitted to NHS Digital for tracing records. CLS will remove the individuals data from their system following confirmation of the request.

For the previous sweep, conducted in 2015/16, NatCen Social Research, were an external Data Processor and carried out the survey fieldwork and associated mailings for the Next Steps LSYPE Age 25 survey – specifically they were contracted to carry out: (1) Email and postal mailings to LSYPE cohort members about the study; (2) Interviews with Next Steps (LSYPE) cohort members. With the completion of the Age 25 survey in 2016, the contract with NatCen was ended and NatCen was no longer a data processor when the previous version (v2.8) of this agreement was renewed in 2018.

CLS have also contracted an additional data processor, Copyprint, to distribute annual mailings to all participants. This exercise serves as an additional method of maintaining contact with as many participants between Age surveys. Copyprint will have access to participant demographic information and contact details in order to carry out these processes. This includes data which has been supplied by NHS Digital for updated contact information. Copyprint will not retain any of the participant data supplied to them by CLS once each mailing is complete and will destroy the data.

CLS is relying on the following two articles under General Data Protection Regulation as their legal basis to process the data:

Article 6(1)(e) – (processing is necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller)

Article 9(2)(j) – (processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject)

The scientific priorities and questionnaire content will be elaborated and developed in consultation with the academic and policy community with the aim of collecting both information relevant to their lives at age 31 and to later life outcomes, as well as repeat measures of topics covered at age 25. CLS will continue to prospectively harmonise the content with other comparable cohorts, particularly those in the UK, by drawing on comparable measures at a similar age. CLS will establish a scientific advisory group of academics from key disciplines and research areas, and ensure that the content is closely aligned with research priorities, as well as the areas of research interest (ARIs) published by government departments. Reflecting these priorities, some of the major themes which CLS intend to cover at age 31 are: demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.

CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated report for the benefit of the wider research community as previous interest in LSYPE data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas. CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. Below are some examples of existing publications using LSYPE data (waves 1 to 7, including the previous sweep aged 25/26):

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-reported smoking, alcohol and drug use among adolescents and young adults with and without mild to moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, published online, 23 April 2018.

HATTON, C, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and BAINES, S. (2018) The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 768-777.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-Reported Participation in Sport/Exercise Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(4), 247-254.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

I, S, THEOCHARAKI, F, SULLIVAN, A and PLOUBIDIS, G.B. (2018) Social determinants of health in population-based cohort studies, UK: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(Suppl.4), cky214.063.

ALCOTT, B. (2017) Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 58(7), 773–804.

ANDERS, J. (2017) The influence of socioeconomic status on changes in young people’s expectations of applying to university. Oxford Review of Education, 43(4), 381-401.

ANDERS, J and DORSETT, R. (2017) What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8(1), 75-103.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) Incentivising specific combinations of subjects: does it make any difference to university access? CLS Working Paper 2017/11. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) A note on subject choice at age 14 and socio-economic inequality in access to university. CLS Working Paper 2017/10.

ANDERS, J.D, MOULTON, V, HENDERSON, M and SULLIVAN, A. (2018) The role of schools in explaining individuals’ subject choices at age 14. Oxford Review of Education, 44(1), 75-93.

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

BELLFIELD, C and VAN DER ERVE, L. (2018) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates. IFS Working Paper W18/25. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOWE, A.G. (2017) The immigrant paradox on internalizing symptoms among immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(February 2017), 72-76.

CAMERON, C, HOLLINGWORTH, K, SCHOON, I, VAN SANTEN, E, SCHROER, W, RISTIKARI, T, HEINO, T and PEKKARINEN, E. (2018) Care leavers in early adulthood: How do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Children and Youth Services Review, 87(April 2018), 163-172.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2017) What role do enjoyment and students’ perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university? CLS Working Paper 2017/12. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2018) Stratification into field of study in Higher Education. Doctoral Thesis. University College London.

CODIROLI MCMASTER, N. (2017) Who studies STEM subjects at A level and degree in England? An investigation into the intersections between students’ family background, gender and ethnicity in determining choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528-553.

COLLIER W, VALBUENA J and ZHU, Y. (2018) What determines post-compulsory academic studies? Evidence from the longitudinal survey of young people in England. Applied Economics Letters, 25(9), 607-610.

FAN, W. (2017) School tenure and student achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(4), 578-607.

GILLBORN,D, DEMACK,S, ROLLOCK,N and WARMINGTON,P. (2017) Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap. British Educational Research Journal, 43(5), 848-874.

GOLDMAN, R and BURGESS, A. (2018) Contemporary Fathers in the UK: Review of Research on British Dads. Fatherhood Institute Report, June 2018. Marlborough: Fatherhood Institute.

GUTMAN, L.M and SCHOON, I. (2018) Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 67(Aug 2018), 109-119.

HALE, D., and VINER, R. (2016). The correlates and course of multiple health risk behaviour in adolescence. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 31; 16: 458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z.

SEMLYEN, J., KING, M., VARNEY, J., and HAGGER-JOHNSON, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24;16: 67. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z.

SYMONDS, J., DIETRICH, J., CHOW, A., and SALMELA-ARO, K. (2016). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 652-665

Outside of providing material for the basis of research, CLS have regularly produced reports and briefing papers sampling findings from the Next Steps study addressing trends between lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors and the progression of participants. The topics of these outputs have regularly been parallel to key instances of participant’s lives in conjunction with their age, for example the effects of participant interests and economic background on education pathways and overall health. These outputs are typically posted to the CLS website in the form of briefing documents or ‘News’ reports focused on the individual topics. Examples of these outputs can be found on the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/) or at the links below:

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_EconomicActivityHealth_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_MentalHealth_Brief_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_TheRoleofDietEx_Brief_WEB.pdf

CLS plan to continue to produce these outputs using aggregated reports of data from findings as a result of the Next Steps study. Future reporting will shift focus with participants progressing through early adult life, with topics based around the subjects of the Age 31 Survey such as those outlined above. (Demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.)

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health. Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

The Next Steps study has shown to be a strong resource to researchers in addressing different developing aspects of life for young people. Through this research, Next Steps has contributed to the restructuring of public opinion and policy focused on young people in England.

Next Steps being used in the reform of vocational education for young people:

In 2011 the Department for Education has commissioned an investigative work to find out the effectiveness of ‘vocational’ education system in the UK in helping young adults securing jobs. The study, conducted by Professor Alison Wolf using data from Next Steps study showed that young adults aged 16-19 were actively seeking work, but that around a third to a half of them struggled to find appropriate courses and jobs, and as a result changed occupations frequently and spent periods of time not in work, education or training. Based on these findings, Professor Wolf was able to make 27 specific recommendations of how to improve practical education and training opportunities for young people that will help them to get jobs with good opportunities for progression. More information on this report can be found at the link: - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180504/DFE-00031-2011.pdf - The government committed to acting on all the recommendations in Professor Wolf’s report with comments addressing the input from the Wolf Report.

Next Steps being used in Government Policy on Youth Unemployment.

Findings from Next Steps have been used to inform the Government’s strategy on getting young people into education, employment or training. The struggling economic climate has often been cited as the reason for the large number of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET). However, new research using data from Next Steps have shown that there are other factors that influence whether or not a person spends NEET. The findings showed that education attainment at age 16 is one of the most determining factors in determining a person’s future path. Forty-five per cent of those with no GCSEs had spent more than a year NEET by the time they turned 18, compared to just 4 per cent of those with five or more GCSEs at A*-C.

Building Engagement, Building Futures lays out the Government’s plans to tackle the causes of youth unemployment. This strategy proposes to maximise the participation of 16-24 years old in education, training and work. More info can be found here - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-engagement-building-futures - The strategy was developed by the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department for Education, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It comes in response to recommendations of the influential Wolf Report, which also draws on evidence from Next Steps.

Next Steps being used in Anti-Bullying Campaigns

Findings from Next Steps have been used in several anti-bullying campaigns and initiatives, as well as guidance for teachers and schools about how to stops bullying. And the efforts have paid off. A recent study has shown that secondary school pupils today are less likely to be bullied. Ten thousand fewer pupils are being bullied every day than 10 years ago, a major new study of secondary school pupils has revealed. The Department of Education report compares the experiences of Next Steps study members to members of Our Future, a new study which started following Year 9 pupils in 2013. This landmark research, which involved tens of thousands of young people from 2004 and 2013, is one of the largest of its kind ever undertaken and highlighted a fall in bullying since participants of Next Steps were recruited for the study.

Initial findings from the age 25 data, produced and published by CLS, have also contributed to political debate in relation to the labour market conditions for this generation, with Members of Parliament referring to findings on the negative impact of zero hours contracts on health in Prime Ministers’ questions in July 2017.

Further examples of what has been learnt from the study includes:

Education: Next Steps has provided information on the factors that influence young people's performance at school, including the fact that attainment gaps between young people from rich and poor backgrounds emerged early in life and were very large by the time GCSEs were taken. Findings were used in setting up the Education Maintenance Allowance which is a scheme which helps young people from low income families with the costs of travel, books and equipment for school or college.

Employment: Next Steps has contributed to the understanding of young people's experiences of the labour market. It has shown that young people's educational attainment at age 16 is the most important factor affecting whether they are in education, training or employment at age 18. In 2011 the government used the findings in their policy on tackling the root causes of youth unemployment.

Social exclusion linked to academic struggles for young people in poor health: according to new research from Next Steps, teenagers with poor physical and mental health are often excluded from social circles and activities, which can have a knock-on effect on their performance at school and in the labour market. More information can be found here -

https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/social-exclusion-linked-to-academic-struggles-for-young-people-in-poor-health/

Background:

Next Steps Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - oriignally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education.

The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

The Age 25 survey is now completed and the aggregated outputs from the survey have now been deposited with the UK Data Archive, located at the University of Essex, no patient identifiable data is deposited.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,620 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 31 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The next sweep should take place when the cohort are aged 31, in 2021. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 31, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to received MRIS reports including participant demographic, mortality and embarkation data to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Each year CLS sends an annual birthday card postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g. a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e. seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the NCDS database. In the event of the birthday card not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a return to sender. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a gone-away.

NHS Digital will supply new addresses for untraced study members who can be matched to the NHS Central Registry/Personal Demographics Service (PDS). CLS require to trace lost study members between now and the Age 31 survey in 2020/2021 which is currently in the planning stage. Any study members successfully traced via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details. They will then subsequently be invited to participate in the Next Steps Age 31 survey (unless they withdraw from the study). All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

For the tracing purpose CLS will supply NHS Digital with a file of study members (consisting of the cohort) and their last known address, extracted from the CLS address database. CLS asked that these details are matched with NHS Registration Data and registered addresses supplied, where available. CLS will ask that NHS Digital flag these Cohort members in the NHS Digital database so that deaths and embarkations can be notified to CLS.

Data Summary:

The following Medical Research (MRIS) reports are requested against the total cohort population:

MRIS List Cleaning Report – Two disseminations over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cause of Death Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cohort Event Notification Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Flagging Current Status Report – One-off report.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible.

Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to:

a) be supplied with updated addresses for these study members whose whereabouts are currently unknown. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. The aim of being provided with the address details and other up to date identifiers for the cohort was to trace as many study members as possible in advance of the next wave of fieldwork.

b) Notifications of deaths and embarkations and exits/entry from the NHS. CLS is also seeking permission to receive notifications of deaths and embarkations on a biannual basis for these cohort members. This information will be used to prevent CLS from seeking to contact those who have died and thus potentially causing distress to relatives and friends and those who are no longer in Great Britain as this would be a waste of resources. On receiving a death or embarkation notification respondents would be flagged on CLS' database as having died or emigrated as appropriate. The mortality data requested is fact of death, date of death and cause of death.

CLS have already received data under the original data agreement (NIC-316681-W7P2R) and, under the subsequent amendment (NIC-349413-F1J1N), were able to pass data to their contracted fieldwork agency NatCen Social Research (NatCen) to allow them to initiate/conduct the survey. Please note that the data files supplied from NHS Digital, as part of this application, have been processed within CLS and entered into CLS’s secure address database. They have been used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave – this data is not sent to the UK Data Service.

The data supplied will be used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave. When study members were contacted to invite them to participate in the Next Steps Age 25 study, it was made explicitly clear that they can inform CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study and they will not be contacted again. Where study members have requested their withdrawal from the study, these individuals will no longer be included in the total cohort to be invited to Age Surveys, or submitted to NHS Digital for tracing records. CLS will remove the individuals data from their system following confirmation of the request.

For the previous sweep, conducted in 2015/16, NatCen Social Research, were an external Data Processor and carried out the survey fieldwork and associated mailings for the Next Steps LSYPE Age 25 survey – specifically they were contracted to carry out: (1) Email and postal mailings to LSYPE cohort members about the study; (2) Interviews with Next Steps (LSYPE) cohort members. With the completion of the Age 25 survey in 2016, the contract with NatCen was ended and NatCen was no longer a data processor when the previous version (v2.8) of this agreement was renewed in 2018.

CLS have also contracted an additional data processor, Copyprint, to distribute annual mailings to all participants. This exercise serves as an additional method of maintaining contact with as many participants between Age surveys. Copyprint will have access to participant demographic information and contact details in order to carry out these processes. This includes data which has been supplied by NHS Digital for updated contact information. Copyprint will not retain any of the participant data supplied to them by CLS once each mailing is complete and will destroy the data.

CLS is relying on the following two articles under General Data Protection Regulation as their legal basis to process the data:

Article 6(1)(e) – (processing is necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller)

Article 9(2)(j) – (processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject)

The scientific priorities and questionnaire content will be elaborated and developed in consultation with the academic and policy community with the aim of collecting both information relevant to their lives at age 31 and to later life outcomes, as well as repeat measures of topics covered at age 25. CLS will continue to prospectively harmonise the content with other comparable cohorts, particularly those in the UK, by drawing on comparable measures at a similar age. CLS will establish a scientific advisory group of academics from key disciplines and research areas, and ensure that the content is closely aligned with research priorities, as well as the areas of research interest (ARIs) published by government departments. Reflecting these priorities, some of the major themes which CLS intend to cover at age 31 are: demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.

CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated report for the benefit of the wider research community as previous interest in LSYPE data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas. CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. Below are some examples of existing publications using LSYPE data (waves 1 to 7, including the previous sweep aged 25/26):

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-reported smoking, alcohol and drug use among adolescents and young adults with and without mild to moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, published online, 23 April 2018.

HATTON, C, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and BAINES, S. (2018) The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 768-777.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-Reported Participation in Sport/Exercise Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(4), 247-254.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

I, S, THEOCHARAKI, F, SULLIVAN, A and PLOUBIDIS, G.B. (2018) Social determinants of health in population-based cohort studies, UK: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(Suppl.4), cky214.063.

ALCOTT, B. (2017) Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 58(7), 773–804.

ANDERS, J. (2017) The influence of socioeconomic status on changes in young people’s expectations of applying to university. Oxford Review of Education, 43(4), 381-401.

ANDERS, J and DORSETT, R. (2017) What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8(1), 75-103.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) Incentivising specific combinations of subjects: does it make any difference to university access? CLS Working Paper 2017/11. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) A note on subject choice at age 14 and socio-economic inequality in access to university. CLS Working Paper 2017/10.

ANDERS, J.D, MOULTON, V, HENDERSON, M and SULLIVAN, A. (2018) The role of schools in explaining individuals’ subject choices at age 14. Oxford Review of Education, 44(1), 75-93.

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

BELLFIELD, C and VAN DER ERVE, L. (2018) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates. IFS Working Paper W18/25. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOWE, A.G. (2017) The immigrant paradox on internalizing symptoms among immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(February 2017), 72-76.

CAMERON, C, HOLLINGWORTH, K, SCHOON, I, VAN SANTEN, E, SCHROER, W, RISTIKARI, T, HEINO, T and PEKKARINEN, E. (2018) Care leavers in early adulthood: How do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Children and Youth Services Review, 87(April 2018), 163-172.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2017) What role do enjoyment and students’ perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university? CLS Working Paper 2017/12. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2018) Stratification into field of study in Higher Education. Doctoral Thesis. University College London.

CODIROLI MCMASTER, N. (2017) Who studies STEM subjects at A level and degree in England? An investigation into the intersections between students’ family background, gender and ethnicity in determining choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528-553.

COLLIER W, VALBUENA J and ZHU, Y. (2018) What determines post-compulsory academic studies? Evidence from the longitudinal survey of young people in England. Applied Economics Letters, 25(9), 607-610.

FAN, W. (2017) School tenure and student achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(4), 578-607.

GILLBORN,D, DEMACK,S, ROLLOCK,N and WARMINGTON,P. (2017) Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap. British Educational Research Journal, 43(5), 848-874.

GOLDMAN, R and BURGESS, A. (2018) Contemporary Fathers in the UK: Review of Research on British Dads. Fatherhood Institute Report, June 2018. Marlborough: Fatherhood Institute.

GUTMAN, L.M and SCHOON, I. (2018) Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 67(Aug 2018), 109-119.

HALE, D., and VINER, R. (2016). The correlates and course of multiple health risk behaviour in adolescence. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 31; 16: 458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z.

SEMLYEN, J., KING, M., VARNEY, J., and HAGGER-JOHNSON, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24;16: 67. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z.

SYMONDS, J., DIETRICH, J., CHOW, A., and SALMELA-ARO, K. (2016). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 652-665

Outside of providing material for the basis of research, CLS have regularly produced reports and briefing papers sampling findings from the Next Steps study addressing trends between lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors and the progression of participants. The topics of these outputs have regularly been parallel to key instances of participant’s lives in conjunction with their age, for example the effects of participant interests and economic background on education pathways and overall health. These outputs are typically posted to the CLS website in the form of briefing documents or ‘News’ reports focused on the individual topics. Examples of these outputs can be found on the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/) or at the links below:

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_EconomicActivityHealth_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_MentalHealth_Brief_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_TheRoleofDietEx_Brief_WEB.pdf

CLS plan to continue to produce these outputs using aggregated reports of data from findings as a result of the Next Steps study. Future reporting will shift focus with participants progressing through early adult life, with topics based around the subjects of the Age 31 Survey such as those outlined above. (Demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.)

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health. Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

The Next Steps study has shown to be a strong resource to researchers in addressing different developing aspects of life for young people. Through this research, Next Steps has contributed to the restructuring of public opinion and policy focused on young people in England.

Next Steps being used in the reform of vocational education for young people:

In 2011 the Department for Education has commissioned an investigative work to find out the effectiveness of ‘vocational’ education system in the UK in helping young adults securing jobs. The study, conducted by Professor Alison Wolf using data from Next Steps study showed that young adults aged 16-19 were actively seeking work, but that around a third to a half of them struggled to find appropriate courses and jobs, and as a result changed occupations frequently and spent periods of time not in work, education or training. Based on these findings, Professor Wolf was able to make 27 specific recommendations of how to improve practical education and training opportunities for young people that will help them to get jobs with good opportunities for progression. More information on this report can be found at the link: - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180504/DFE-00031-2011.pdf - The government committed to acting on all the recommendations in Professor Wolf’s report with comments addressing the input from the Wolf Report.

Next Steps being used in Government Policy on Youth Unemployment.

Findings from Next Steps have been used to inform the Government’s strategy on getting young people into education, employment or training. The struggling economic climate has often been cited as the reason for the large number of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET). However, new research using data from Next Steps have shown that there are other factors that influence whether or not a person spends NEET. The findings showed that education attainment at age 16 is one of the most determining factors in determining a person’s future path. Forty-five per cent of those with no GCSEs had spent more than a year NEET by the time they turned 18, compared to just 4 per cent of those with five or more GCSEs at A*-C.

Building Engagement, Building Futures lays out the Government’s plans to tackle the causes of youth unemployment. This strategy proposes to maximise the participation of 16-24 years old in education, training and work. More info can be found here - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-engagement-building-futures - The strategy was developed by the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department for Education, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It comes in response to recommendations of the influential Wolf Report, which also draws on evidence from Next Steps.

Next Steps being used in Anti-Bullying Campaigns

Findings from Next Steps have been used in several anti-bullying campaigns and initiatives, as well as guidance for teachers and schools about how to stops bullying. And the efforts have paid off. A recent study has shown that secondary school pupils today are less likely to be bullied. Ten thousand fewer pupils are being bullied every day than 10 years ago, a major new study of secondary school pupils has revealed. The Department of Education report compares the experiences of Next Steps study members to members of Our Future, a new study which started following Year 9 pupils in 2013. This landmark research, which involved tens of thousands of young people from 2004 and 2013, is one of the largest of its kind ever undertaken and highlighted a fall in bullying since participants of Next Steps were recruited for the study.

Initial findings from the age 25 data, produced and published by CLS, have also contributed to political debate in relation to the labour market conditions for this generation, with Members of Parliament referring to findings on the negative impact of zero hours contracts on health in Prime Ministers’ questions in July 2017.

Further examples of what has been learnt from the study includes:

Education: Next Steps has provided information on the factors that influence young people's performance at school, including the fact that attainment gaps between young people from rich and poor backgrounds emerged early in life and were very large by the time GCSEs were taken. Findings were used in setting up the Education Maintenance Allowance which is a scheme which helps young people from low income families with the costs of travel, books and equipment for school or college.

Employment: Next Steps has contributed to the understanding of young people's experiences of the labour market. It has shown that young people's educational attainment at age 16 is the most important factor affecting whether they are in education, training or employment at age 18. In 2011 the government used the findings in their policy on tackling the root causes of youth unemployment.

Social exclusion linked to academic struggles for young people in poor health: according to new research from Next Steps, teenagers with poor physical and mental health are often excluded from social circles and activities, which can have a knock-on effect on their performance at school and in the labour market. More information can be found here -

https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/social-exclusion-linked-to-academic-struggles-for-young-people-in-poor-health/

Background:

Next Steps Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) is an established longitudinal study which has followed the lives of - oriignally - people born in 1989/90, since year 9 of secondary school. Study members were interviewed annually between 2004 and 2010. The study was previously managed by the Department of Education (DfE). In 2013 the Economic and Social Research Council took over the funding and the study management legally transferred to the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Education.

The study includes rounds of data collection at different age intervals to assess the progression of participants in different aspects of life. The most recent round of data collection - Next Steps Age 25 survey - took place between August 2015 and September 2016. Information was collected from cohort members on many aspects of cohort members’ lives such as education, employment, health and well-being, relationships and family life, housing and finances, social participation and attitudes. Data collection focused on young people’s transitions into further/higher education and the labour market or to other outcomes, such as parenthood. Therefore, LSYPE is the largest and most detailed research study of its kind.

The Age 25 survey is now completed and the aggregated outputs from the survey have now been deposited with the UK Data Archive, located at the University of Essex, no patient identifiable data is deposited.

Cohort:

The LSYPE population consisted of young people in Year 9 in England in state and independent schools and pupil referral units in February 2004. Sample members were born between 1st September 1989 and 31st August 1990, so were aged 13 or 14 at the first point of data collection. At the first round of data collection conducted by the DfE, 21,000 cohort members made up the sample population. The first seven rounds of data collection were completed whilst the study was being managed by DfE. Over this period of the study, the overall cohort population reduced from 21,000 to 16,122 resulting from withdrawals from the study and loss of contact over the multiple Age Surveys. In 2013, at the time of the transfer of the study from the DfE to CLS, DfE approached all cohort members (16,122) for updated information and to extend an opportunity to opt-out of the study. At this point, a small number of participants opted-out of the study or were uncontactable leaving a total population of 15,620 transferred to CLS. This population formed the cohort population that CLS draw sample populations from for each of the Age Surveys and has factored in withdrawals from the original recruited cohort number.

Aims:

LSYPE has historically collected data on different aspects of participants lives to assess the effects of varying lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors. In previous surveys, the study has collected and assessed data on development within early life. With the progression of the study and age of participants, the following Age Surveys will aim to look at instances of key life transitions within the study sample population.

Age 31 survey - Scientific priorities, data collection and methodological innovations -

One of the key scientific decisions is the timing of the data collection, and specifically the age of the cohort members. The next sweep should take place when the cohort are aged 31, in 2021. This will be a five-year gap since the last sweep at age 25/26, and provide comparability with the other national cohorts: the 1958 cohort was surveyed at age 23 in 1981 and then again at age 33 in 1991 and the 1970 cohort was surveyed at age 26 in 1996, age 30 in 2000 and at age 34 in 2004. As well as comparability with the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there are other strong scientific reasons for carrying out another sweep of data collection around this time. Between age 26 and age 31, many of the Next Steps cohort will have experienced important life transitions; the completion of education including post-graduate study, the potential formation and dissolution of cohabiting relationships, for some, marriage, and/or childbearing. Some will have made it onto the ‘housing ladder’, and many will have made the transition into different types of more stable and career-orientated employment. However, such transitions are likely to have been varied and unequal: for many marriage is now being delayed (the mean age in 2012 was 36.5 years, ONS Marriages in England and Wales, 2012), homeownership is increasingly difficult to attain (homeownership in England has fallen for the age 25 to 34 group from 67% in 1991 to 43% in 2011, ONS English Homeowners Survey, 2015) and child bearing on average has been delayed compared to previous generations.

CLS aim to maximise the total number of cohort participants within the sample population taking part in the Age Surveys conducted over the course of the study. The purpose of this request is to received MRIS reports including participant demographic, mortality and embarkation data to ensure the participant details held by CLS are accurate to maintain potential to recruit the largest proportion of the total cohort population to take part in future surveys.

Each year CLS sends an annual birthday card postal mailing to all Next Steps participants. CLS asks that participants complete a reply slip which is returned to CLS which allows participants to provide CLS with any change in their details e.g. a new email address, phone number, etc. CLS also ask them to return the reply slip even if none of their details have changed i.e. seeking a positive confirmation that that is the address CLS hold for them. As a result CLS, can maintain the cohorts' latest details on the NCDS database. In the event of the birthday card not reaching the participant it is returned to CLS as a return to sender. CLS will attempt to trace all these returns but if CLS cannot locate the participants then they are flagged on the database as a gone-away.

NHS Digital will supply new addresses for untraced study members who can be matched to the NHS Central Registry/Personal Demographics Service (PDS). CLS require to trace lost study members between now and the Age 31 survey in 2020/2021 which is currently in the planning stage. Any study members successfully traced via this route would be written to and asked to provide updated contact details. They will then subsequently be invited to participate in the Next Steps Age 31 survey (unless they withdraw from the study). All participants CLS included in the cohort submitted for tracing have participated in at least one prior sweep of the study and none have ever informed CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study. CLS feels that a substantial number of these individuals would be willing to participate in the study if they could be contacted. Previous efforts to re-establish contact for other cohort studies have been very successful using this route. When the cohort are contacted they will be given the opportunity to withdraw.

Any study members choosing not to take part in the study are flagged on the secure confidential address database at the CLS with a code denoting whether their refusal is temporary (i.e. for a particular wave/survey) or permanent (i.e. they wish to have no further involvement in the study). Any previously deposited pseudonymised survey data for a study member and confidential data from the address database are retained unless the study member specifically asks CLS not to, in which case no future information will be collected. If the participant has died no contact will be made and the study will be updated to reflect this.

For the tracing purpose CLS will supply NHS Digital with a file of study members (consisting of the cohort) and their last known address, extracted from the CLS address database. CLS asked that these details are matched with NHS Registration Data and registered addresses supplied, where available. CLS will ask that NHS Digital flag these Cohort members in the NHS Digital database so that deaths and embarkations can be notified to CLS.

Data Summary:

The following Medical Research (MRIS) reports are requested against the total cohort population:

MRIS List Cleaning Report – Two disseminations over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cause of Death Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Cohort Event Notification Report – Bi-annual reporting over the course of the agreement.

MRIS – Flagging Current Status Report – One-off report.

The ongoing success of the study depends on maintaining contact with as large a number of study members as possible.

Therefore, CLS are seeking permission to:

a) be supplied with updated addresses for these study members whose whereabouts are currently unknown. All of these individuals have made an informed decision to participate in the study over the years and have been made aware that the study is seeking to follow them throughout their lives. The aim of being provided with the address details and other up to date identifiers for the cohort was to trace as many study members as possible in advance of the next wave of fieldwork.

b) Notifications of deaths and embarkations and exits/entry from the NHS. CLS is also seeking permission to receive notifications of deaths and embarkations on a biannual basis for these cohort members. This information will be used to prevent CLS from seeking to contact those who have died and thus potentially causing distress to relatives and friends and those who are no longer in Great Britain as this would be a waste of resources. On receiving a death or embarkation notification respondents would be flagged on CLS' database as having died or emigrated as appropriate. The mortality data requested is fact of death, date of death and cause of death.

CLS have already received data under the original data agreement (NIC-316681-W7P2R) and, under the subsequent amendment (NIC-349413-F1J1N), were able to pass data to their contracted fieldwork agency NatCen Social Research (NatCen) to allow them to initiate/conduct the survey. Please note that the data files supplied from NHS Digital, as part of this application, have been processed within CLS and entered into CLS’s secure address database. They have been used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave – this data is not sent to the UK Data Service.

The data supplied will be used to maintain contact with study members and to invite them to take part in each fieldwork wave. When study members were contacted to invite them to participate in the Next Steps Age 25 study, it was made explicitly clear that they can inform CLS that they no longer wish to participate in the study and they will not be contacted again. Where study members have requested their withdrawal from the study, these individuals will no longer be included in the total cohort to be invited to Age Surveys, or submitted to NHS Digital for tracing records. CLS will remove the individuals data from their system following confirmation of the request.

For the previous sweep, conducted in 2015/16, NatCen Social Research, were an external Data Processor and carried out the survey fieldwork and associated mailings for the Next Steps LSYPE Age 25 survey – specifically they were contracted to carry out: (1) Email and postal mailings to LSYPE cohort members about the study; (2) Interviews with Next Steps (LSYPE) cohort members. With the completion of the Age 25 survey in 2016, the contract with NatCen was ended and NatCen was no longer a data processor when the previous version (v2.8) of this agreement was renewed in 2018.

CLS have also contracted an additional data processor, Copyprint, to distribute annual mailings to all participants. This exercise serves as an additional method of maintaining contact with as many participants between Age surveys. Copyprint will have access to participant demographic information and contact details in order to carry out these processes. This includes data which has been supplied by NHS Digital for updated contact information. Copyprint will not retain any of the participant data supplied to them by CLS once each mailing is complete and will destroy the data.

CLS is relying on the following two articles under General Data Protection Regulation as their legal basis to process the data:

Article 6(1)(e) – (processing is necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller)

Article 9(2)(j) – (processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject)

The scientific priorities and questionnaire content will be elaborated and developed in consultation with the academic and policy community with the aim of collecting both information relevant to their lives at age 31 and to later life outcomes, as well as repeat measures of topics covered at age 25. CLS will continue to prospectively harmonise the content with other comparable cohorts, particularly those in the UK, by drawing on comparable measures at a similar age. CLS will establish a scientific advisory group of academics from key disciplines and research areas, and ensure that the content is closely aligned with research priorities, as well as the areas of research interest (ARIs) published by government departments. Reflecting these priorities, some of the major themes which CLS intend to cover at age 31 are: demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.

CLS will continue to produce outputs from the study via the UK Data Service in the form of aggregated report for the benefit of the wider research community as previous interest in LSYPE data has proven to be sought in a large scope of research areas. CLS will also publish papers in a range of journals; however it is not possible to provide detail at this point as to precisely which journals and dates, but the intention is to produce outputs along the same lines as those produced after the previous sweep. Below are some examples of existing publications using LSYPE data (waves 1 to 7, including the previous sweep aged 25/26):

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-reported smoking, alcohol and drug use among adolescents and young adults with and without mild to moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, published online, 23 April 2018.

HATTON, C, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and BAINES, S. (2018) The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 768-777.

ROBERTSON, J, EMERSON, E, BAINES, S and HATTON, C. (2018) Self-Reported Participation in Sport/Exercise Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(4), 247-254.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

I, S, THEOCHARAKI, F, SULLIVAN, A and PLOUBIDIS, G.B. (2018) Social determinants of health in population-based cohort studies, UK: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(Suppl.4), cky214.063.

ALCOTT, B. (2017) Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 58(7), 773–804.

ANDERS, J. (2017) The influence of socioeconomic status on changes in young people’s expectations of applying to university. Oxford Review of Education, 43(4), 381-401.

ANDERS, J and DORSETT, R. (2017) What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8(1), 75-103.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) Incentivising specific combinations of subjects: does it make any difference to university access? CLS Working Paper 2017/11. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

ANDERS, J, HENDERSON, M, MOULTON, V and SULLIVAN, A. (2017) A note on subject choice at age 14 and socio-economic inequality in access to university. CLS Working Paper 2017/10.

ANDERS, J.D, MOULTON, V, HENDERSON, M and SULLIVAN, A. (2018) The role of schools in explaining individuals’ subject choices at age 14. Oxford Review of Education, 44(1), 75-93.

BAINES, S, EMERSON, E, ROBERTSON, J and HATTON, C. (2018) Sexual activity and sexual health among young adults with and without mild/moderate intellectual disability. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 667.

BELLFIELD, C and VAN DER ERVE, L. (2018) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates. IFS Working Paper W18/25. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

BOURNE, M, BUKODI, E, BETTHAEUSER, B and GOLDTHORPE, J.H. (2018) ‘Persistence of the social’: The role of cognitive ability in mediating the effects of social origins on educational attainment in Britain. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58(Dec 2018), 11-21.

BOWE, A. (2017) The cultural fairness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among diverse adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 87-97.

BOWE, A.G. (2017) The immigrant paradox on internalizing symptoms among immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(February 2017), 72-76.

CAMERON, C, HOLLINGWORTH, K, SCHOON, I, VAN SANTEN, E, SCHROER, W, RISTIKARI, T, HEINO, T and PEKKARINEN, E. (2018) Care leavers in early adulthood: How do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Children and Youth Services Review, 87(April 2018), 163-172.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2017) What role do enjoyment and students’ perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university? CLS Working Paper 2017/12. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

CODIROLI McMASTER, N. (2018) Stratification into field of study in Higher Education. Doctoral Thesis. University College London.

CODIROLI MCMASTER, N. (2017) Who studies STEM subjects at A level and degree in England? An investigation into the intersections between students’ family background, gender and ethnicity in determining choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528-553.

COLLIER W, VALBUENA J and ZHU, Y. (2018) What determines post-compulsory academic studies? Evidence from the longitudinal survey of young people in England. Applied Economics Letters, 25(9), 607-610.

FAN, W. (2017) School tenure and student achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(4), 578-607.

GILLBORN,D, DEMACK,S, ROLLOCK,N and WARMINGTON,P. (2017) Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap. British Educational Research Journal, 43(5), 848-874.

GOLDMAN, R and BURGESS, A. (2018) Contemporary Fathers in the UK: Review of Research on British Dads. Fatherhood Institute Report, June 2018. Marlborough: Fatherhood Institute.

GUTMAN, L.M and SCHOON, I. (2018) Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 67(Aug 2018), 109-119.

HALE, D., and VINER, R. (2016). The correlates and course of multiple health risk behaviour in adolescence. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 31; 16: 458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z.

SEMLYEN, J., KING, M., VARNEY, J., and HAGGER-JOHNSON, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24;16: 67. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z.

SYMONDS, J., DIETRICH, J., CHOW, A., and SALMELA-ARO, K. (2016). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 652-665

Outside of providing material for the basis of research, CLS have regularly produced reports and briefing papers sampling findings from the Next Steps study addressing trends between lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors and the progression of participants. The topics of these outputs have regularly been parallel to key instances of participant’s lives in conjunction with their age, for example the effects of participant interests and economic background on education pathways and overall health. These outputs are typically posted to the CLS website in the form of briefing documents or ‘News’ reports focused on the individual topics. Examples of these outputs can be found on the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/) or at the links below:

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_EconomicActivityHealth_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_MentalHealth_Brief_WEB.pdf

https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/UCL_TheRoleofDietEx_Brief_WEB.pdf

CLS plan to continue to produce these outputs using aggregated reports of data from findings as a result of the Next Steps study. Future reporting will shift focus with participants progressing through early adult life, with topics based around the subjects of the Age 31 Survey such as those outlined above. (Demography and family formation, health and well-being, labour market experiences and skills, identity and participation and the digitalisation of everyday lives.)

The age 25 survey data is already providing important research evidence on transitions out of education and into early adult life, informing a range of key interlinked policy questions relating to higher education, employment, housing and family formation, and health. Data from the age 25 survey was deposited at the UK Data Service in June 2017 and have already been downloaded for over 100 research projects in many disciplines including economics, education and sociology; examples of outputs from those projects can be found at the Next Steps home page (https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/next-steps/), as well as publications in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, the Journal of Adolescence and the European Journal of Public Health, and others. Its influence and impact will grow over the next few years, as it is used for research and policy on a wide range of different issues, and as the existing data is enhanced and augmented, particularly with linked administrative data.

The Next Steps study has shown to be a strong resource to researchers in addressing different developing aspects of life for young people. Through this research, Next Steps has contributed to the restructuring of public opinion and policy focused on young people in England.

Next Steps being used in the reform of vocational education for young people:

In 2011 the Department for Education has commissioned an investigative work to find out the effectiveness of ‘vocational’ education system in the UK in helping young adults securing jobs. The study, conducted by Professor Alison Wolf using data from Next Steps study showed that young adults aged 16-19 were actively seeking work, but that around a third to a half of them struggled to find appropriate courses and jobs, and as a result changed occupations frequently and spent periods of time not in work, education or training. Based on these findings, Professor Wolf was able to make 27 specific recommendations of how to improve practical education and training opportunities for young people that will help them to get jobs with good opportunities for progression. More information on this report can be found at the link: - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180504/DFE-00031-2011.pdf - The government committed to acting on all the recommendations in Professor Wolf’s report with comments addressing the input from the Wolf Report.

Next Steps being used in Government Policy on Youth Unemployment.

Findings from Next Steps have been used to inform the Government’s strategy on getting young people into education, employment or training. The struggling economic climate has often been cited as the reason for the large number of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET). However, new research using data from Next Steps have shown that there are other factors that influence whether or not a person spends NEET. The findings showed that education attainment at age 16 is one of the most determining factors in determining a person’s future path. Forty-five per cent of those with no GCSEs had spent more than a year NEET by the time they turned 18, compared to just 4 per cent of those with five or more GCSEs at A*-C.

Building Engagement, Building Futures lays out the Government’s plans to tackle the causes of youth unemployment. This strategy proposes to maximise the participation of 16-24 years old in education, training and work. More info can be found here - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-engagement-building-futures - The strategy was developed by the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department for Education, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It comes in response to recommendations of the influential Wolf Report, which also draws on evidence from Next Steps.

Next Steps being used in Anti-Bullying Campaigns

Findings from Next Steps have been used in several anti-bullying campaigns and initiatives, as well as guidance for teachers and schools about how to stops bullying. And the efforts have paid off. A recent study has shown that secondary school pupils today are less likely to be bullied. Ten thousand fewer pupils are being bullied every day than 10 years ago, a major new study of secondary school pupils has revealed. The Department of Education report compares the experiences of Next Steps study members to members of Our Future, a new study which started following Year 9 pupils in 2013. This landmark research, which involved tens of thousands of young people from 2004 and 2013, is one of the largest of its kind ever undertaken and highlighted a fall in bullying since participants of Next Steps were recruited for the study.

Initial findings from the age 25 data, produced and published by CLS, have also contributed to political debate in relation to the labour market conditions for this generation, with Members of Parliament referring to findings on the negative impact of zero hours contracts on health in Prime Ministers’ questions in July 2017.

Further examples of what has been learnt from the study includes:

Education: Next Steps has provided information on the factors that influence young people's performance at school, including the fact that attainment gaps between young people from rich and poor backgrounds emerged early in life and were very large by the time GCSEs were taken. Findings were used in setting up the Education Maintenance Allowance which is a scheme which helps young people from low income families with the costs of travel, books and equipment for school or college.

Employment: Next Steps has contributed to the understanding of young people's experiences of the labour market. It has shown that young people's educational attainment at age 16 is the most important factor affecting whether they are in education, training or employment at age 18. In 2011 the government used the findings in their policy on tackling the root causes of youth unemployment.

Social exclusion linked to academic struggles for young people in poor health: according to new research from Next Steps, teenagers with poor physical and mental health are often excluded from social circles and activities, which can have a knock-on effect on their performance at school and in the labour market. More information can be found here -

https://nextstepsstudy.org.uk/social-exclusion-linked-to-academic-struggles-for-young-people-in-poor-health/